2026 麻州大選 9 個選票問題解析

2026年麻州大選的 9 個選票問題，以及利弊分析： 

問題 1：立法機構與州長辦公室納入《公共紀錄法》
        核心事實與條款：
        將麻州立法機構（參眾兩院）與州長辦公室持有的多數紀錄，納入《麻州公共紀錄法》公開調閱範疇。
        法定豁免：(1) 與研擬公共政策相關之內部文件；(2) 立法者與選民間合理涉及協助取得政府福利、服務或與機關交涉之通訊。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：立法機構與州長辦公室的多數行政運作紀錄自此向公眾開放。
        反對（NO）：維持現行法例，兩大核心機構紀錄繼續豁免於公開查閱。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：終結麻州長年被評為全美透明度墊底的黑箱決策問題，便於大眾與媒體監督法案遊說、公帑支出與政商往來。
        反對方論點：增加龐大的行政審查與調閱成本，且可能促使官員改用口頭協商以規避留檔，降低實質政策折衝與妥協的彈性。

問題 2：公共律師服務委員會（CPCS）員工集體協商權
        核心事實與條款：
        明確賦予公共律師服務委員會（CPCS，負責弱勢刑事辯護與法律援助的州立機構）員工與雇主進行集體協商（籌組工會）之法定權利。
        勞資簽署協議後，要求 CPCS 須向州長請求編列預算以履行該協議。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：CPCS 律師與幕僚正式取得組建工會及集體協商權利。
        反對（NO）：維持現狀，CPCS 員工依法不得進行工會集體協商。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：公設辯護人長年過勞且薪資遠低於公私部門法律同業，賦予工會權利有助留任優秀律師，保障憲法賦予貧困被告的實質辯護權。
        反對方論點：將推高州政府在公共法律援助方面的經常性開支，並限縮機構管理層彈性調配人力與掌控預算的權限。

問題 3：廢除政黨初選，改設單一「前兩名晉級」跨黨派初選制
        核心事實與條款：
        廢除州選舉各政黨分別舉行的初選，改行單一跨黨派初選：所有候選人不論黨籍列於同一張選票，選民可自由票選任一候選人。
        法定規則：
1. 初選得票最高的前兩名候選人晉級 11 月大選（大選可能出現同黨對決）。
2. 州長與副州長候選人必須聯名參選，並於初選選票合併列名。
3. 任何政治團體其全州職位候選人在初選中得票率達 3% 以上者，即獲法定政黨地位。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：全面推行單一跨黨派初選，前兩名出線晉級大選。
        反對（NO）：維持現行各政黨分別辦理初選、推派候選人的制度。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：活化獨立選民的初選參與權，迫使參選人向多數中間選民對話而非迎合政黨深色極端，並在一黨獨大的選區創造實質的大選競爭。
        反對方論點：在泛藍選民居絕對多數的麻州，大選極易演變為兩名民主黨人互打，使共和黨或第三勢力候選人提早出局，削弱多元政黨結構。

問題 4：開放選舉日當天選民登記（2028 年生效）
        核心事實與條款：
        自 2028 年 1 月 1 日起，允許合格公民於選舉日當天前往居住選區投票所辦理選民登記或更新戶籍地址。
        法定程序與限制：
1. 須出示居住證明（如附照片證件、水電帳單、銀行單據、租約、薪資單、大專院校學費單等）並簽署切結誓言（不實申報屬重罪，最高處 5 年監禁或 10,000 美元罰款）。
2. 未帶居住證明者得投臨時選票：市鎮選舉須於投票結束前補件，州初選須於選後 2 天內、州大選須於選後 6 天內補齊方能計票。
3. 登記效力涵蓋當日及日後選舉；已登記者不得於選舉日當天變更政黨屬性。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：2028 年起實施投票所當日現場登記與投票。
        反對（NO）：維持現狀，選民必須在選前法定截止日前預先登記。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：破除繁複的行政截止日前置障礙，保障青年、學生與頻繁搬遷的租屋族行使投票權，提升整體投票率。
        反對方論點：在投票日尖峰時段大幅增加基層選務人員負擔，引發現場身分查驗過於倉促及名冊管理秩序的疑慮。

問題 5：修改州稅收上限與超額退稅機制（62F 條款修正）
        核心事實與條款：
        自 2027 年 7 月 1 日起，修改麻州法定的年度稅收徵收上限計算公式。
        法定機制：
1. 特定年度稅收上限改為：上一年度淨稅收 ＋ 麻州最近三年工資與薪資平均成長率。
2. 實際徵收若超標，超額稅收必須在次年全額退還納稅人。
3. 明定將「年所得超過 100 萬美元所課徵之 4% 富人附加稅（Millionaires Surtax）全部收入」一併計入計算上限與判定超額的總額中。含可分割條款。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：改用連動薪資成長之限額公式，將富人稅納入上限計算，超額強制退稅。
        反對（NO）：維持現行 62F 法律之舊有計算標準與規定。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：遏止政府支出隨經濟波動無序膨脹，確保稅收暴增時能制度化還富於民，減輕納稅人生活負擔。
        反對方論點：富人稅原由選民公投專款專用於改善公共交通與大眾教育，納入 62F 計算將迅速觸發退稅門檻，變相沖銷並掏空既有的專項教育與交通建設投資。

問題 6：設立「全民自然基金」（指定體育休閒與高爾夫稅收）
        核心事實與條款：
        自 2027 年 7 月 1 日起設立「全民自然基金」，專供能源與環境事務部（EEA）投入生態保育。
        財源與法定排除：
1. 須經立法機關撥款授權：首年接收體育用品、休閒車輛（RV）及高爾夫球場銷售與使用稅之 50%；2028 年 7 月 1 日起接收 100%。
2. 排除條款：銷售稅收入排除已法定撥交 MBTA 交通基金及 SMART 學校現代化重建信託的份額。
3. 接受公私捐贈；禁止州主計長在年度終了時移轉（挪用）結餘資金；允許提撥資金聘僱管理員工。
        用途與治理：
1. 保育飲用水、水系、海濱、農林、生態廊道、原住民文化土地，以及建設維護公園步道與戶外休閒通道。
2. 設立 15 人委員會（5 名官員、10 名州長任命之公眾代表，須含弱勢群體、原住民與保育專家），負責訂定支出準則（含環境正義、原住民資源與可負擔住宅規劃）與發債規則；每年向議會提交環境正義地區執行報告。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：設立該基金，將特定休閒稅收在議會撥款授權下專項用於自然保育。
        反對（NO）：不設立該基金，相關項目的銷售稅繼續歸入一般常規預算。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：為氣候適應、飲用水源維護及弱勢社區綠地建設提供長久穩定的專屬財源。
        反對方論點：將通用銷售稅綁定專款專用，會直接壓縮州府一般常規預算，削弱議會在因應公共醫療、治安或地方急需時的預算調度彈性。

問題 7：放寬單戶住宅建地門檻（5,000 平方英尺建地標準）
        核心事實與條款：
        允許在全州所有住宅分區範圍內興建單戶住宅（獨棟民宅），只要建地符合三項條件：
1. 土地面積至少達 5,000 平方英尺（約 140 坪）；
2. 面向道路或公共通道之接壤地界長度至少達 50 英尺；
3. 具備公共自來水與公共下水道管線接入條件。
        地方規範保留：市鎮政府仍可對建物高度、鄰幢退縮距離、開放空間、停車要求以及是否允許短期出租（如民宿/短租）進行合理規範。住宅暨宜居社區部得發布執行指引與規章。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：在有公用管網條件下，全面准許 5,000 平方英尺以上小地塊興建單戶住宅。
        反對（NO）：維持現狀，單戶住宅建地大小標準繼續完全由各地方市鎮分區法規決定。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：打破郊區市鎮動輒要求大面積地塊的排他性分區法規（Large-lot zoning），增加建地供給並壓低購地成本，促進平價首購型住房建設。
        反對方論點：削弱市鎮憲法自治權（Home Rule），加劇部分歷史老舊市鎮的居住人口與車流負荷，對既有水電管網與學校資源造成壓力。

問題 8：廢除成人娛樂用大麻零售（2028 年生效）
        核心事實與條款：
        自 2028 年 1 月 1 日起，廢除麻州成人娛樂用大麻零售合法化、監管及課稅相關法律，全州商業零售市場回歸僅限醫療用大麻。
        法定持有與罰則變更：
1. 21 歲及以上：合法持有及轉讓/贈予上限為 1 盎司以下（濃縮物不得超過 5 克）；持有超過 1 盎司至 2 盎司者改處 100 美元民事罰款並沒收大麻。
2. 未滿 21 歲者：持有 2 盎司以下為民事違規，處 100 美元罰款、沒收大麻、強制完成毒品認知課程與社區服務，並強制通報父母或法定監護人。
        業者退場與監管職權調整：
1. 現有合法娛樂大麻業者可透過加速程序申請轉為醫療大麻藥局，並得將剩餘庫存合法出售給醫療藥局。
2. 大麻管制委員會（CCC）繼續保留，但職權大幅縮減為僅監管醫療大麻。含可分割條款。
        投票效果與後果：
        贊成（YES）：全面關閉娛樂大麻實體專賣店，僅保留醫療大麻，並修改持有刑罰規定。
        反對（NO）：維持現行制度，成人娛樂用大麻繼續合法生產、銷售、課稅與監管。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點：減少街頭實體大麻門市對社區的影響，降低青少年接觸高濃度大麻的機會，防範藥物濫用與公共衛生風險。
        反對方論點：重創年產值逾十億美元的合法大麻產業，造成數千名員工失業與巨額稅收損失，且勢必導致大麻需求重回不受監管的地下黑市。

問題 9：2024 年槍枝安全管制新法（Chapter 135）公民複決案
        核心事實與條款：
        針對州議會於 2024 年 7 月以懸殊票數通過的重大全面控槍法律（眾議院 124:33，參議院 35:5）進行公民複決（Veto Referendum）。
        法案納管核心措施：
1. 紅旗法與保護令擴大：新增學校行政人員與領照醫療照護者為極端危險保護令（ERPO）合格聲請方；法院核發騷擾預防令時可一併命令繳交槍枝與許可。
2. 幽靈槍全面納管：私人製造（含 3D 列印）槍枝納管；所有槍枝（除古董外）與未完成機匣/底把均須打印序號，製造與持有未登記幽靈槍訂定刑事處罰。
3. 發照與自衛噴霧修正：持有半自動長槍須年滿 21 歲；地方發照機關得調閱法院駁回之非自願精神安置聲請；第二次未申報槍枝遺失或遭竊最長處 6 個月監禁；12–15 歲經父母同意可申請自衛噴霧許可，15–18 歲可自主申請。
4. 機槍定義與祖父條款：撞火槍托、扳機曲柄、Glock 改裝開關與自動阻鐵正式納入機槍重罰；滅音器定義擴及零件；明定突擊武器判斷標準及既有合法擁有者可繼續持有的豁免條件；經銷商稽查可移交州警執行。
5. 敏感場所禁槍與新增罪名：禁止在政府大樓、投票所、學校攜槍；將開槍擊中使用中建築物列為刑事犯罪；建立匿名槍枝公開資料看板與暴力預防特別委員會。
        投票邏輯與後果（公民複決案特性）：
        贊成（YES）：維持現行法律。完整保留 2024 年通過的控槍新法。
        反對（NO）：廢除該法律。推翻該法案，使麻州槍枝監管法規回到 2024 年 7 月修法前的狀態。
        正反方利弊分析：
        贊成方論點（維持法律）：全面防堵無法追蹤的幽靈槍與連發改裝開關，擴大敏感場所安全防護，讓校方與醫護人員能在悲劇前及時聲請繳械。
        反對方論點（廢除法律）：批評法案對守法持槍者與合法經銷商施加極其繁重的行政限制，精神安置聲請的擴大審查恐侵犯個人隱私，實質侵犯憲法第二修正案自衛權。

Massachusetts 2026 Ballot Questions Guide (English Version)

Question 1: Extending the Public Records Law to the Legislature and Governor's Office

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Brings most records held by the Massachusetts Legislature and the Office of the Governor under the scope of the Massachusetts Public Records Law.

o Statutory Exemptions: (1) Documents related to the development of public policy; (2) Communications between legislators and constituents reasonably related to a constituent’s request for assistance in obtaining government benefits or services or interacting with a government agency.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Makes most administrative and operational records held by lawmakers and the Governor subject to public records requests.

o NO Vote: Makes no change; retains existing exemptions for the Legislature and Governor’s Office.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Eliminates long-standing government secrecy in one of the few states where top leaders are exempt from disclosure, deterring special-interest influence and enhancing transparency.

o Cons (NO): Creates administrative compliance burdens, invites politically motivated records requests, and could chill candid, private deliberations essential to legislative compromise.

Question 2: Collective Bargaining Rights for Public Defense Employees (CPCS)

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Explicitly permits employees of the Committee for Public Counsel Services (CPCS)—the state agency providing legal representation to indigent clients—to engage in collective bargaining with their employer.

o Requires CPCS, upon executing a collective bargaining agreement, to request the necessary appropriation to fund that agreement from the Governor.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Formally authorizes CPCS attorneys and staff to unionize and collectively bargain.

o NO Vote: Maintains the status quo; CPCS staff cannot form a collective bargaining unit under state labor law.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Addresses high turnover, severe burnout, and uncompetitive compensation among public defenders, helping ensure low-income defendants receive high-quality legal defense.

o Cons (NO): Increases state public defense expenditures and imposes contractual restrictions on agency management in assigning caseloads and deploying personnel.

Question 3: "Top-Two" Open Primary System for State Elections

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Eliminates separate political party primaries for state elections and institutes a single, all-party primary with all candidates appearing on one ballot.

o Statutory Rules:

1. Voters may cast their ballot for any candidate; the top two finishers advance to the November general election, regardless of party affiliation.

2. Candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor must run and appear jointly on the primary ballot.

3. Grants official political party status to any political group whose candidates for statewide office receive at least 3% of the primary vote.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Adopts a single all-candidate primary with the top two vote-getters advancing to the general election.

o NO Vote: Keeps separate party primaries in state elections.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Empowers independent and unenrolled voters, forces candidates to appeal to a broader general electorate rather than partisan fringes, and creates contested general elections in heavily one-sided districts.

o Cons (NO): In deep-blue districts, general elections would routinely pit two Democrats against each other, eliminating Republican and third-party candidates before November and eroding political party cohesion.

Question 4: Same-Day Voter Registration on Election Day (Effective 2028)

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Permits eligible citizens to register to vote or update their voter registration address at their precinct polling place on Election Day, taking effect January 1, 2028.

o Statutory Rules & Restrictions:

1. Must present proof of residency (photo ID, utility bill, bank statement, lease, paycheck, college fee statement, or government correspondence) and sign a sworn oath under penalty of perjury (punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or a $10,000 fine).

2. Those lacking proof may cast a provisional ballot, counted only if proof is provided before poll close (municipal elections), within 2 days (state primaries), or within 6 days (state elections).

3. Registration applies to current and future elections; already-registered voters cannot change their political party affiliation on Election Day.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Implements same-day voter registration and address updates at polling places on Election Day starting in 2028.

o NO Vote: Maintains current pre-election voter registration deadlines.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Removes administrative cutoffs that prevent eligible voters—especially students, young adults, and frequent movers—from casting a ballot, boosting civic participation.

o Cons (NO): Strains local election workers during peak hours, creating queues and verification challenges at busy polling places on Election Day.

Question 5: Reforming the State Revenue Cap and Rebate Formula (Chapter 62F)

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Changes the statutory limit on allowable annual state tax revenue collections, effective July 1, 2027.

o Statutory Formula & Mechanisms:

1. Limits state revenue to the net revenue from the prior year, increased by the average growth rate of wages and salaries in Massachusetts over the three most recent years.

2. Any revenue collected in excess of the cap must be refunded to taxpayers the following year.

3. Explicitly includes all revenue generated by the 4% surtax on annual incomes over $1 million (Fair Share surtax) in calculating the cap and evaluating surpluses. Contains a severability clause.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Ties the annual revenue ceiling directly to three-year wage growth, counts Millionaires Surtax proceeds toward the cap, and mandates taxpayer rebates when exceeded.

o NO Vote: Keeps existing Chapter 62F revenue cap and surplus formulas unchanged.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Restrains state government budget expansion, guaranteeing that unexpected revenue surges during economic booms are returned to taxpayers rather than permanently built into state spending.

o Cons (NO): Counting the Millionaires Surtax toward the cap triggers rebate thresholds more rapidly, effectively defunding and neutralizing voter-approved investments intended for public schools, higher education, and transit infrastructure.

Question 6: Creating the "Nature for All Fund" for Conservation

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Establishes the "Nature for All Fund" effective July 1, 2027, administered by the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) for natural resource conservation.

o Revenue Source & Exclusions:

1. Subject to legislative appropriation: Receives 50% of state sales and use taxes from sporting goods, recreational vehicles, and golf courses in Year 1, and 100% starting July 1, 2028.

2. Statutory exclusions: Excludes sales tax revenue legally transferred to the MBTA Contribution Fund and the School Modernization and Reconstruction Trust (SMART) Fund.

3. Accepts public/private donations; prohibits the state comptroller from transferring surplus funds at fiscal year-end; allows EEA to hire management staff from fund revenues.

o Scope & Governance:

1. Covers conservation of drinking water, waterways, coasts, farms, forests, open space corridors, and lands of Indigenous cultural significance, plus parks, trails, and outdoor recreation access.

2. Governed by a 15-member Board (5 state officials, 10 public members appointed by the Governor, including representatives of underserved communities, Indigenous peoples, and conservation experts). Board sets spending, bonding, environmental justice, and affordable housing rules; EEA must submit annual spending reports on environmental justice communities.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Establishes the dedicated conservation fund backed by recreation and sporting sales taxes.

o NO Vote: Rejects the fund; maintains regular allocation of sales and use taxes to the general fund.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Guarantees reliable, permanent funding for climate adaptation, watershed protection, and green space expansion in underserved and environmental justice neighborhoods.

o Cons (NO): Earmarks general sales tax revenues, reducing legislative flexibility to allocate general funds to other critical needs such as healthcare, local municipal aid, or housing.

Question 7: Allowing Single-Family Homes on 5,000-Square-Foot Lots

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Allows single-family homes to be constructed in any residentially zoned area across the state, provided the lot satisfies three criteria:

1. A lot size of at least 5,000 square feet;

2. At least 50 feet of road frontage bordering the street, road, or public way it faces;

3. Direct access to municipal public water and sewer services.

o Local Authority: Cities and towns may reasonably regulate building height, setbacks from neighboring structures, open space, parking requirements, and whether the dwelling can be used as a short-term rental. The Executive Office of Housing and Livable Communities is authorized to issue administrative guidance.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Authorizes single-family homes on compliant 5,000+ sq ft serviced lots statewide, overriding stricter local lot minimums.

o NO Vote: Maintains local municipal zoning control over minimum lot sizes for single-family housing.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Curbs exclusionary suburban zoning policies requiring large lots, expands buildable land supply, reduces land acquisition costs, and encourages entry-level starter home construction.

o Cons (NO): Weakens municipal local control ("Home Rule"), increases local residential density, and could overburden existing local roads, utilities, and school districts.

Question 8: Repealing the Retail Sale of Adult Recreational Marijuana (Effective 2028)

• Core Factual Provisions:

o Repeals laws that legalize, regulate, and tax the commercial retail sale of adult recreational marijuana effective January 1, 2028, restricting commercial retail sales strictly to medical dispensaries.

o Statutory Possession & Penalty Rules:

1. Age 21 and older: May legally possess and gift/transfer up to 1 ounce of marijuana (including no more than 5 grams of concentrate); possession between 1 and 2 ounces becomes a $100 civil fine and forfeiture.

2. Under 21: Possession of 2 ounces or less is a civil infraction carrying a $100 fine, forfeiture, required completion of a drug awareness course and community service, and mandatory parental notification.

o Market Transition & Regulatory Changes:

1. Licensed adult-use recreational businesses may apply on an expedited basis to become licensed medical dispensaries and sell remaining inventory to medical dispensaries.

2. Retains the Cannabis Control Commission (CCC), but modifies its authority to regulate only the medical marijuana market. Contains a severability clause.

• Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: Shuts down retail commercial adult-use dispensaries, returning the retail market to medical-only, and alters possession penalties.

o NO Vote: Keeps adult-use recreational marijuana legal, regulated, taxed, and commercially accessible in retail dispensaries.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES): Reduces youth exposure and public health risks associated with ubiquitous commercial storefronts and high-potency cannabis concentrates.

o Cons (NO): Destroys a major taxable commercial industry, triggers thousands of job losses and business foreclosures, costs state and local governments substantial tax revenue, and drives consumer demand back into the unregulated illicit market.

Question 9: Citizen Referendum on the 2024 Gun Safety Reform Law (Chapter 135)

• Core Factual Provisions:

o A citizen veto referendum on Chapter 135—the comprehensive firearm safety reform law enacted by the Legislature in July 2024 (passed 124–33 in the House, 35–5 in the Senate).

o Key Measures Enacted Under the Law:

1. Extreme Risk & Harassment Orders: Adds school administrators and licensed healthcare providers as eligible petitioners for Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPOs); authorizes courts issuing Harassment Prevention Orders to mandate firearm and license surrender.

2. Ghost Guns & Serialization: Mandates serial numbers on all firearms (except antiques/relics) and unfinished frames/receivers; regulates 3D-printed and privately made guns; imposes criminal penalties for possessing, creating, or transferring untraceable ghost guns.

3. Licensing & Pepper Sprays: Requires an individual to be 21 to own semiautomatic rifles or shotguns; allows licensing authorities to review denied petitions for involuntary psychiatric commitment; adds up to 6 months imprisonment for a second offense of failing to report a lost or stolen gun; permits minors aged 12–15 (with parental consent) and 15–18 (independently) to obtain self-defense spray permits.

4. Machine Gun Definition & Grandfathering: Expands the machine gun definition to include bump stocks, trigger cranks, Glock switches, and auto sears; expands silencer definitions to include component parts; clarifies assault-style firearm criteria and outlines grandfathering conditions for existing lawful owners of assault weapons and large-capacity feeding devices; allows State Police to conduct dealer inspections.

5. Sensitive Locations & New Offenses: Prohibits carrying firearms in government buildings, polling places, and schools; criminalizes discharging a firearm into an occupied building; establishes an anonymized public data dashboard and commissions to study violence prevention funding and emerging gun technologies.

• Referendum Mechanism & Vote Consequences:

o YES Vote: KEEPS the law in place, maintaining all 2024 firearms regulations, licensing requirements, and penal measures.

o NO Vote: REPEALS the law, reverting Massachusetts firearms statutes to their pre-July 2024 framework.

• Arguments & Trade-Offs:

o Pros (YES - Defend Law): Closes dangerous legal loopholes on untraceable ghost guns and rapid-fire conversion switches, protects sensitive public spaces, and empowers school and medical professionals to intervene before gun violence occurs.

o Cons (NO - Repeal Law): Opponents and sporting associations argue the law places complex, unconstitutional burdens on lawful gun owners and dealers, creates privacy concerns by expanding mental health record scrutiny, and infringes upon Second Amendment rights.